List All the Thistle Family in the Wild Texas Area
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Federal Noxious Weed
TDA Noxious Weed
TPWD Prohibited Exotic Species
Invasive Plant Atlas of the US
NOTE: means species is on that list.
Onopordum acanthium
Scotch thistle
Synonym(south):
Family unit: Asteraceae (Aster Family)
Duration and Habit: Biennial Herb
Photographer: Steve Dewey
Source: Utah State University, Bugwood.org
Description
Branched, robust biennial (or sometimes annual) that often grows 2.5 m or more in height and 2 m in width. Main stems may exist up to ten cm wide at the base. Stems have vertical rows of prominent, spiny, ribbon-like leaf material or "wings" that extend to the base of the flower heads. Leaves, which are armed with precipitous, yellow spines, are upwardly to sixty cm long and thirty cm wide. Upper and lower leaf surfaces are covered with a thick mat of cotton-like or woolly hairs, which give the foliage a greyness-green appearance. The globe-shaped flower heads are borne in groups of two or iii on branch tips. Flower heads are up to v cm in diameter, with long, stiff, needle-like bracts at the base. Flowers range from dark pink to lavender. Seeds are smooth, slender, and plumed.
Native Lookalikes: Currently no information available here yet, or there are no native Texas species that could exist confused with Scotch thistle.
Ecological Threat: Listed as a noxious weed or otherwise problem constitute in fourteen US states.
Biological science & Spread: Onopordum acanthium is a herb of the sunflower family (Asteraceae) that is native to Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to temperate climates elsewhere, including much of Due north America and Australia. In Due north America, O. acanthium is a weed trouble on western rangeland and produces significant economic losses for ranchers.
History:
U.S. Habitat: In its native Europe, O. acanthium is well established in continental areas with summer-dry climates. In the western U.S., O. acanthium infests wet meadows and pastures, as well as more arid big sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata Nutt.) sites. Onopordum acanthium is often associated with waste places, as well as rivers, streams, canals, or other waterways. It can as well be arable in dry pastures, fields, and rangeland. In item, the plant thrives in light, well drained, and sandy or stony soils. Temperature and moisture, rather than soil nutrient concentrations determine the ecological operation of Onopordum species.
Distribution
U.S. Nativity: Introduced to U.S.
Native Origin: Europe and Asia
U.Southward. Present: AZ, CA, CO, CT, DC, FL, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY
Distribution in Texas: May exist found in about of North America with highest population concentration and impact in barren and semi-arid, western lands.
Mapping
Invaders of Texas Map: Onopordum acanthium
EDDMapS: Onopordum acanthium
USDA Plants Texas County Map: Onopordum acanthium
Invaders of Texas Observations
List All Observations of Onopordum acanthium reported by Citizen Scientists
Native Alternatives
Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (50.) Scop.][CIRAR], balderdash thistle [Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten][CIRVU], and Nodding thistle [Carduus nutans (L.)][CANU4] may be confused with Scotch thistle.
Canada thistle is perennial, with creeping roots and small-scale unisexual bloom heads dissimilar Carduus thistles. Plants are either male or female (dioecious). In addition, Canada thistle has smooth stems and plumose pappus bristles.
Balderdash thistle is a coarse biennial with plumose pappus bristles and upper foliage surfaces covered with strong bristly hairs that are rough to touch.
Nodding thistle has leaves that are nighttime dark-green, coarsely lobed, with a smooth waxy surface and a yellowish to white spine at the tip. Blossom heads will droop to a 90-degree angle from the stem when mature.
Management
Physical: Small areas can be eradicated by earthworks. Plants must be cutting off below the soil, leaving no leaves fastened. Mowing has limited effectiveness for controlling O. acanthium. It ordinarily simply prevents seed product if done either immediately prior to flowering or when plants are just starting to blossom. When mowing is conducted too early on, information technology may only delay flowering. Yet, when plants are cut also late in the flowering process, viable seed may withal develop in the capitula following cutting. Because there can be a wide variety in the maturity of plants, a single mowing is unlikely to provide satisfactory control. Onopordum acanthium invasions may be prevented by manipulating the cropping surround (cultural control methods). For instance, establishing and maintaining dense, vigorous, competitive pasture can effectively prevent O. acanthium establishment. Healthy pasture is particularly important in the autumn, when most O. acanthium seeds germinate.
Chemic: For herbicide command, Picloram, dicamba, 2,iv-D, dicamba + 2,4,-D, and metsulfuron are effective for decision-making O. acanthium. Application rates vary depending on stand density and environmental weather. Herbicides should be applied in the spring before O. acanthium bolts, or in the autumn to rosettes.
Biological: Thistle invasion in unlikely to occur in ungrazed pasture. Goats will graze O. acanthium, reducing found numbers and preventing seed production. No biological controls are currently available in the United States. Commonwealth of australia has released several biocontrol insects. 4 control agents have been used in the biocontrol of O. acanthium a seed-feeding weevil Larinus latus was outset released on 200 sites during 1993. It was establish that the agents had eaten through 83% of the seed on released sites. A second control agent Lixus cardui, slower to spread than the get-go i was released a year later, this afflicted the growth of the plant. There are plans to release four more than agents; thistle rosette destroying weevil Trichosirocalus sp. and a moth, Eublemma amoena, and two flies, Botanophila spinosa and Urophora terebrans which attack rosettes and seed respectivly. These command agents however, take failed host specificity tests in the U.Southward. Additional insects are existence evaluated for release in the U.S.
USE PESTICIDES WISELY: ALWAYS READ THE ENTIRE PESTICIDE LABEL Carefully, FOLLOW ALL MIXING AND Application INSTRUCTIONS AND Wear ALL RECOMMENDED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE GEAR AND Habiliment. CONTACT YOUR Land Section OF AGRICULTURE FOR ANY Boosted PESTICIDE USE REQUIREMENTS, RESTRICTIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS. MENTION OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTS ON THIS Spider web SITE DOES Non CONSTITUTE ENDORSEMENT OF ANY MATERIAL.
Text References
USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 7 November 2006). National Constitute Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. (http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ONAC)
Global Invasive Species Database, 2005. Onopordum acanthium. Available from: http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=295&fr=1&sts=(Accessed November 7, 2006)
Online Resources
USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, seven November 2006). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Global Invasive Species Database (http://www.issg.org/database)
Search Online
Google Search: Onopordum acanthium
Google Images: Onopordum acanthium
NatureServe Explorer: Onopordum acanthium
USDA Plants: Onopordum acanthium
Invasive Plant Atlas of the Usa: Onopordum acanthium
Bugwood Network Images: Onopordum acanthium
Last Updated: 2007-11-08 by Joe Marcus
Source: https://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=ONAC
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